There are around 40 species of goatfish, all characterised by two long barbels on the chin which are used to forage for food in sediment. Once the prey is located, the fish often roots into the sediment with its barbels and snout for small crustaceans and worms. Their low mouths and short lower jaw are perfect for this job. The long sensory barbels that can be folded into a groove on the throat.
Goatfish have two well-separated dorsal fins and a forked tail fin. The head and body are covered in scales and most species have distinctive black, brown, red, or yellow markings. Most species are also capable of changing color rapidly.
They are usually found on open sand or mud bottoms, at least for feeding, and will move in to coral areas for cleaning stations and the small cleaner wrasse which remove dead scales and parasites from the body and gills.
The freckled goatfish, also known as the bar-tail goatfish, has a whitish or tan body with a heavy mottling of brown blotches, spots and lines.
This species has a dark yellowish to brown stripe from snout to tail, and all fins have red, brown or black stripes, bars or blotches. The first dorsal fin has a large dark blotch around the tip and there are dark bars on the tail fin lobes. The barbells are yellow.
The freckled goatfish may rapidly change to tan or red with a dark red stripe from the snout to the tail.This phase change may occur during cleaning or when sleeping at night.
This species grows to a maximum of 30 cm, but is usually observed much smaller, in the 15 - 20 cm range in small groups or solitary. The freckled goatfish is found on the reef edge, foraging for food in the sand and rubble areas.
Dash-Dot Goatfish
(Parupeneus barberinus)
The dash-dot goatfish grows to 50 cm and has a usually white body. The upper back may be yellowish or dark reddish, with a darker stripe running from the snout to below the second dorsal fin. The dark stripe has a much lighter silvery-bluish stripe below this. There is a large dark blotch on the tail base.
This species is capable of changing colour very quickly. The dash-dot goatfish may also display thick vertical banding on its sides which highlights the lighter stripe running from the snout to tail base. The lighter silvery-bluish stripe is much more obvious during the dark colouration phase.
In some texts this colour change is claimed as a red-variation existing in species from deeper water. The photos here were taken at 15 m and show an obvious rapid colour change from the 'light variation' to the 'red variation'. Rather than two distinct 'variations' depending on depth, it is much more likely that this species exhibits a reddish colour phase during cleaning and sleeping at night, as has already been documented with the freckled goatfish (Upeneus tragula).
Dash-Dot Goatfish rapid colour change
Dash-Dot Goatfish rapid colour change
The dash-dot goatfish is usually solitary but may form small groups. This species is often found over sandy or coral rubble areas close to the reef edge. Photos here show this goatfish species at a cleaning station on the reef edge at Koh Haa, along with rapid colour change.
The Goldsaddle Goatfish has a highly variable colour, including purple, blue, green, yellow and brown.
Often there is a yellow saddle just forward of the tail base, below the second dorsal fin.
All colour variations have several small blue lines and streaks around the eyes.
The Goldsaddle Goatfish is capable of rapid colour change to a bright yellow, or deep gold colour, except for the blue lines and streaks around the eyes.
The Goldsaddle Goatfish grows to 50 cm and feeds during the day.
The diet includes small fishes, crustaceans, worms, shrimps, crabs, octopi, and small gastropods.
The yellowfin goatfish grows to 38 cm and has a whitish to pinkish body with a yellow back, and a yellow stripe running from the eye to the base of the tail fin. The fins are yellow.
During the day the yellowfin goatfish forms large groups which are relatively inactive/stationary. These groups then disperse to feed on sand-dwelling worms and crustaceans, normally at night.
Occasionally individuals are seen feeding on the sandy bottom during the day.
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Find Out More
Allen, G., Steene, R., Humann, P., DeLoach, N. (2003) Reef Fish Identification, Tropical Pacific. Jacksonville, FL., USA: New World Publications, Inc., ISBN 1-878348-36-1.
